{
  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
  "title": "Freelancer and Independent Contractor Statistics",
  "canonical_url": "https://workspace369.com/research/freelancer-independent-contractor-statistics/",
  "published": "2026-09-13",
  "modified": "2026-10-19",
  "accessed": "2026-10-19",
  "language": "en",
  "scope": "Employed people aged 16+; independent contractors on the sole or main job, not every freelance side gig",
  "geography": "United States",
  "observation_period": "Surveys 2014–2026; BLS supplements February 2005, May 2017 and July 2023",
  "license": "https://workspace369.com/downloads/research/license-v1.html",
  "editorial_owner": "Workspace369 editorial team",
  "review_cadence": "Review when BLS releases a new Contingent Worker Supplement; check source availability annually.",
  "attribution": "Reported observations belong to the original producers. Workspace369 is responsible for the compilation and explicitly labeled calculations, not an original survey.",
  "methodology": [
    "We extracted the independent-contractor columns of BLS Table 6, retaining the distinction between levels in thousands and group-specific employment shares.",
    "For multiple jobholders, the arrangement is determined from the main job. We do not combine main-job and second-job counts or treat contingent and alternative arrangements as disjoint categories.",
    "The observation is July 2023, not 2026. This page’s verification date records when the evidence was checked, not when people were surveyed.",
    "Survey figures come from each sponsor’s own release or report, quoted in the download locator. Where an original page no longer serves the release, we read and link the Internet Archive snapshot and record the original address.",
    "The survey-minus-BLS differences are Workspace369 calculations that put two differently defined measures in the same unit. They show the size of the definitional gap, not a count of any group of workers."
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "Survey self-reports, sampling error and the main-job definition limit the interpretation. These estimates are not a count of all occasional freelance activity.",
    "Counts in thousands are rounded. Do not use displayed levels to claim more precise percentages than BLS reports.",
    "No worker-classification, tax or hiring advice is provided. Contractor prevalence does not measure earnings or job quality.",
    "The Upwork and MBO Partners surveys are online surveys commissioned by companies that serve independent workers. Their sponsors scale sample shares to a workforce total, and those methods changed between editions. Treat them as sponsor estimates, not official statistics."
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "bls",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements: Table 6",
      "url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.htm",
      "publicationDate": "2024-11-08",
      "accessed": "2026-09-13",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "U.S. federal government data; attribution requested. No agency endorsement.",
      "sha256": "9e9f5a587821fc9bc870fb456fc10beed5b41629e13e7da81dacceae640029f3"
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2014",
      "publisher": "Upwork and Freelancers Union",
      "title": "53 Million Americans Now Freelance, New Study Finds (Internet Archive copy)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151211060124/https://www.upwork.com/press/2014/09/03/53-million-americans-now-freelance-new-study-finds-2/",
      "publicationDate": "2014-09-03",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "originalUrl": "https://www.upwork.com/press/2014/09/03/53-million-americans-now-freelance-new-study-finds-2/"
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2015",
      "publisher": "Upwork and Freelancers Union",
      "title": "Freelancers Union and Upwork release new study revealing insights into the almost 54 million people freelancing in America",
      "url": "https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/freelancers-union-and-upwork-release-new-study-revealing-insights-into-the-almost-54-million-people-freelancing-in-america",
      "publicationDate": null,
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them."
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2016",
      "publisher": "Upwork and Freelancers Union",
      "title": "New study finds freelance economy grew to 55 million Americans this year, 35% of total U.S. workforce (Internet Archive copy)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180127070230/https://www.upwork.com/press/2016/10/06/freelancing-in-america-2016/",
      "publicationDate": "2016-10-06",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "originalUrl": "https://www.upwork.com/press/2016/10/06/freelancing-in-america-2016/"
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2017",
      "publisher": "Upwork and Freelancers Union",
      "title": "Freelancing in America 2017 (Internet Archive copy)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20181229074530/https://www.upwork.com/press/2017/10/17/freelancing-in-america-2017/",
      "publicationDate": "2017-10-17",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "originalUrl": "https://www.upwork.com/press/2017/10/17/freelancing-in-america-2017/"
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2018",
      "publisher": "Upwork and Freelancers Union",
      "title": "Freelancing in America 2018 (Internet Archive copy)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200111011448/https://www.upwork.com/press/2018/10/31/freelancing-in-america-2018/",
      "publicationDate": "2018-10-31",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "originalUrl": "https://www.upwork.com/press/2018/10/31/freelancing-in-america-2018/"
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2019",
      "publisher": "Upwork and Freelancers Union",
      "title": "Freelancing in America 2019 (Internet Archive copy)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201212050955/https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/freelancing-in-america-2019",
      "publicationDate": "2019-10-03",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "originalUrl": "https://www.upwork.com/press/2019/10/03/freelancing-in-america-2019/"
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2020",
      "publisher": "Upwork",
      "title": "New Upwork Study Finds 36% of the U.S. Workforce Freelance Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic (Internet Archive copy)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211219220510/https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/new-upwork-study-finds-36-of-the-us-workforce-freelance-amid-the-covid-19-pandemic",
      "publicationDate": null,
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "originalUrl": "https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/new-upwork-study-finds-36-of-the-us-workforce-freelance-amid-the-covid-19-pandemic"
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2021",
      "publisher": "Upwork",
      "title": "Upwork Study Finds 59 Million Americans Freelancing Amid Turbulent Labor Market",
      "url": "https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/upwork-study-finds-59-million-americans-freelancing-amid-turbulent-labor-market",
      "publicationDate": null,
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them."
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2022",
      "publisher": "Upwork",
      "title": "Freelance Forward 2022",
      "url": "https://www.upwork.com/research/freelance-forward-2022",
      "publicationDate": null,
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them."
    },
    {
      "id": "upwork-2023",
      "publisher": "Upwork",
      "title": "Upwork Study Finds 64 Million Americans Freelanced in 2023, Adding $1.27 Trillion to U.S. Economy",
      "url": "https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/upwork-study-finds-64-million-americans-freelanced-in-2023-adding-1-27-trillion-to-u-s-economy",
      "publicationDate": null,
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them."
    },
    {
      "id": "mbo-2026",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "title": "U.S. Independent Workforce Reaches Record 74.9 Million as Full-Time Independence Accelerates",
      "url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/blog/press/independent-workforce-reaches-74.9-million",
      "publicationDate": "2026-09-28",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them."
    },
    {
      "id": "mbo-2025",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "title": "State of Independence 2025 research report",
      "url": "https://info.mbopartners.com/rs/mbo/images/MBO_2025_State_of_Independence_Research_Report.pdf",
      "publicationDate": "2025-09-09",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them."
    },
    {
      "id": "mbo-2024",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "title": "State of Independence 2024 report",
      "url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/2024-report",
      "publicationDate": "2024-10-15",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them."
    },
    {
      "id": "mbo-2023",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "title": "State of Independence in America Report 2023",
      "url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/2023-report",
      "publicationDate": "2023-10-31",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them."
    },
    {
      "id": "mbo-2022",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "title": "Going, Going, Gone: New Study Reveals Workers Flip The Script on Traditional Work",
      "url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/blog/press/going-going-gone-new-study-reveals-workers-flip-the-script-on-traditional-work",
      "publicationDate": "2022-11-30",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them."
    },
    {
      "id": "bls-2017",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements — May 2017 (USDL-18-0942)",
      "url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/conemp_06072018.htm",
      "publicationDate": "2018-06-07",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "U.S. federal government data; attribution requested. No agency endorsement."
    },
    {
      "id": "fu-2015",
      "publisher": "Freelancers Union",
      "title": "Freelancing in America 2015 Report (Internet Archive copy)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180111044356/http://blog.freelancersunion.org/2015/10/01/freelancing-america-2015/",
      "publicationDate": "2015-10-01",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Freelancers Union; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "originalUrl": "https://blog.freelancersunion.org/2015/10/01/freelancing-america-2015/"
    },
    {
      "id": "fu-2016",
      "publisher": "Freelancers Union",
      "title": "Freelancing in America 2016 (Internet Archive copy)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171121081535/http://blog.freelancersunion.org/2016/10/06/freelancing-in-america-2016/",
      "publicationDate": "2016-10-06",
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Freelancers Union; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "originalUrl": "https://blog.freelancersunion.org/2016/10/06/freelancing-in-america-2016/"
    },
    {
      "id": "andco",
      "publisher": "AND.CO",
      "title": "The Slash Workers (Internet Archive copy)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201204084553/https://www.and.co/slash-workers",
      "publicationDate": null,
      "accessed": "2026-10-17",
      "primarySource": true,
      "license": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with AND.CO (now part of Fiverr); this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "originalUrl": "https://www.and.co/slash-workers.html"
    }
  ],
  "statistics": [
    {
      "stat_id": "summary-total-16-years-and-over-count",
      "claim": "Total, 16 years and over: independent contractors on sole or main job, in thousands: 11,904 (July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026).",
      "value": 11904,
      "unit": "thousand workers",
      "population": "Employed people aged 16+; independent contractors on the sole or main job, not every freelance side gig; Total, 16 years and over",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "source_title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements: Table 6",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.htm",
      "source_locator": "Table 6 / Total, 16 years and over / Independent contractors, Number",
      "publication_date": "2024-11-08",
      "accessed_date": "2026-09-13",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the original producer; not a Workspace369 survey.",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal government data; attribution requested. No agency endorsement.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
      "formula": null,
      "input_stat_ids": [],
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    {
      "stat_id": "summary-total-16-years-and-over-rate",
      "claim": "Total, 16 years and over: independent contractors as a share of group employment: 7.4% (July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026).",
      "value": 7.4,
      "unit": "percent",
      "population": "All employed people in Total, 16 years and over; sole or main job",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "source_title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements: Table 6",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.htm",
      "source_locator": "Table 6 / Total, 16 years and over / Independent contractors, Percent of total employed",
      "publication_date": "2024-11-08",
      "accessed_date": "2026-09-13",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Published BLS percentage. A count and its employment share describe the same group; they are not independent findings.",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal government data; attribution requested. No agency endorsement.",
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "occupation-management-professional-and-related-occupations-count",
      "claim": "Management, professional, and related occupations: independent contractors on sole or main job, in thousands: 5,303 (July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026).",
      "value": 5303,
      "unit": "thousand workers",
      "population": "Employed people aged 16+; independent contractors on the sole or main job, not every freelance side gig; Management, professional, and related occupations",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "source_title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements: Table 6",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.htm",
      "source_locator": "Table 6 / Management, professional, and related occupations / Independent contractors, Number",
      "publication_date": "2024-11-08",
      "accessed_date": "2026-09-13",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the original producer; not a Workspace369 survey.",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal government data; attribution requested. No agency endorsement.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
      "formula": null,
      "input_stat_ids": [],
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "occupation-management-professional-and-related-occupations-rate",
      "claim": "Management, professional, and related occupations: independent contractors as a share of group employment: 7.5% (July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026).",
      "value": 7.5,
      "unit": "percent",
      "population": "All employed people in Management, professional, and related occupations; sole or main job",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "source_title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements: Table 6",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.htm",
      "source_locator": "Table 6 / Management, professional, and related occupations / Independent contractors, Percent of total employed",
      "publication_date": "2024-11-08",
      "accessed_date": "2026-09-13",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Published BLS percentage. A count and its employment share describe the same group; they are not independent findings.",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal government data; attribution requested. No agency endorsement.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
      "formula": null,
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "occupation-management-business-and-financial-operations-occupations-count",
      "claim": "Management, business, and financial operations occupations: independent contractors on sole or main job, in thousands: 2,993 (July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026).",
      "value": 2993,
      "unit": "thousand workers",
      "population": "Employed people aged 16+; independent contractors on the sole or main job, not every freelance side gig; Management, business, and financial operations occupations",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "source_title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements: Table 6",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.htm",
      "source_locator": "Table 6 / Management, business, and financial operations occupations / Independent contractors, Number",
      "publication_date": "2024-11-08",
      "accessed_date": "2026-09-13",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the original producer; not a Workspace369 survey.",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal government data; attribution requested. No agency endorsement.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
      "formula": null,
      "input_stat_ids": [],
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    {
      "stat_id": "occupation-management-business-and-financial-operations-occupations-rate",
      "claim": "Management, business, and financial operations occupations: independent contractors as a share of group employment: 9.6% (July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026).",
      "value": 9.6,
      "unit": "percent",
      "population": "All employed people in Management, business, and financial operations occupations; sole or main job",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "source_title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements: Table 6",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.htm",
      "source_locator": "Table 6 / Management, business, and financial operations occupations / Independent contractors, Percent of total employed",
      "publication_date": "2024-11-08",
      "accessed_date": "2026-09-13",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Published BLS percentage. A count and its employment share describe the same group; they are not independent findings.",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal government data; attribution requested. No agency endorsement.",
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    {
      "stat_id": "occupation-management-occupations-count",
      "claim": "Management occupations: independent contractors on sole or main job, in thousands: 2,239 (July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026).",
      "value": 2239,
      "unit": "thousand workers",
      "population": "Employed people aged 16+; independent contractors on the sole or main job, not every freelance side gig; Management occupations",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "July 2023 supplement; verified in September 2026",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
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      "source_locator": "Table 6 / Management occupations / Independent contractors, Number",
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      "stat_id": "occupation-installation-maintenance-and-repair-occupations-count",
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      "stat_id": "occupation-production-transportation-and-material-moving-occupations-count",
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      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
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      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
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      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
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      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
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      "value": 60,
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      "source_title": "Freelance Forward 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.upwork.com/research/freelance-forward-2022",
      "source_locator": "Release text: “39% of the U.S. workforce, or 60 million Americans”",
      "publication_date": null,
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
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      "source_url": "https://www.upwork.com/research/freelance-forward-2022",
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      "publication_date": null,
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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      "claim": "Upwork 2022: reported annual freelance earnings: $1.35 trillion (2022).",
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      "unit": "USD trillion",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who did any supplemental, temporary, project- or contract-based work in the past 12 months, as defined by the survey sponsor",
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      "publication_date": null,
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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    {
      "stat_id": "upwork-2023-count",
      "claim": "Upwork 2023: Americans who freelanced in the past year: 64 million (2023).",
      "value": 64,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who did any supplemental, temporary, project- or contract-based work in the past 12 months, as defined by the survey sponsor",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2023",
      "publisher": "Upwork",
      "source_title": "Upwork Study Finds 64 Million Americans Freelanced in 2023, Adding $1.27 Trillion to U.S. Economy",
      "source_url": "https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/upwork-study-finds-64-million-americans-freelanced-in-2023-adding-1-27-trillion-to-u-s-economy",
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      "publication_date": null,
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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    {
      "stat_id": "upwork-2023-share",
      "claim": "Upwork 2023: freelancers as a share of the U.S. workforce: 38% (2023).",
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      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who did any supplemental, temporary, project- or contract-based work in the past 12 months, as defined by the survey sponsor",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2023",
      "publisher": "Upwork",
      "source_title": "Upwork Study Finds 64 Million Americans Freelanced in 2023, Adding $1.27 Trillion to U.S. Economy",
      "source_url": "https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/upwork-study-finds-64-million-americans-freelanced-in-2023-adding-1-27-trillion-to-u-s-economy",
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      "publication_date": null,
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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    {
      "stat_id": "upwork-2023-earnings",
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      "value": 1.27,
      "unit": "USD trillion",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who did any supplemental, temporary, project- or contract-based work in the past 12 months, as defined by the survey sponsor",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2023",
      "publisher": "Upwork",
      "source_title": "Upwork Study Finds 64 Million Americans Freelanced in 2023, Adding $1.27 Trillion to U.S. Economy",
      "source_url": "https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/upwork-study-finds-64-million-americans-freelanced-in-2023-adding-1-27-trillion-to-u-s-economy",
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      "publication_date": null,
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Upwork; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2026-total",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2026: all independent workers: 74.9 million (2026).",
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      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2026",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "U.S. Independent Workforce Reaches Record 74.9 Million as Full-Time Independence Accelerates",
      "source_url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/blog/press/independent-workforce-reaches-74.9-million",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “reached a record 74.9 million people in 2026”",
      "publication_date": "2026-09-28",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2025-total",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2025: all independent workers: 72.9 million (2025).",
      "value": 72.9,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2025",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "State of Independence 2025 research report",
      "source_url": "https://info.mbopartners.com/rs/mbo/images/MBO_2025_State_of_Independence_Research_Report.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “rose marginally from 72.7 million in 2024 to 72.9 million”",
      "publication_date": "2025-09-09",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2025-fullTime",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2025: full-time independents: 27.6 million (2025).",
      "value": 27.6,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2025",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "State of Independence 2025 research report",
      "source_url": "https://info.mbopartners.com/rs/mbo/images/MBO_2025_State_of_Independence_Research_Report.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “essentially flat at 27.6 million”",
      "publication_date": "2025-09-09",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2025-partTime",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2025: part-time independents: 7.9 million (2025).",
      "value": 7.9,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2025",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "State of Independence 2025 research report",
      "source_url": "https://info.mbopartners.com/rs/mbo/images/MBO_2025_State_of_Independence_Research_Report.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “fell for the third straight year, to 7.9 million”",
      "publication_date": "2025-09-09",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2025-occasional",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2025: occasional independents: 37.4 million (2025).",
      "value": 37.4,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2025",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "State of Independence 2025 research report",
      "source_url": "https://info.mbopartners.com/rs/mbo/images/MBO_2025_State_of_Independence_Research_Report.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “rose to 37.4 million”",
      "publication_date": "2025-09-09",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2024-total",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2024: all independent workers: 72.7 million (2024).",
      "value": 72.7,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2024",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "State of Independence 2024 report",
      "source_url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/2024-report",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “growing from 72.1 million in 2023 to 72.7 million”",
      "publication_date": "2024-10-15",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
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      "canonical_url": "https://workspace369.com/research/freelancer-independent-contractor-statistics/#mbo-2024-total",
      "source_flag": null,
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2024-fullTime",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2024: full-time independents: 27.7 million (2024).",
      "value": 27.7,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2024",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "State of Independence 2024 report",
      "source_url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/2024-report",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “grew an impressive 6.5% to 27.7 million”",
      "publication_date": "2024-10-15",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2024-partTime",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2024: part-time independents: 8.5 million (2024).",
      "value": 8.5,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2024",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "State of Independence 2024 report",
      "source_url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/2024-report",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “from 9.5 million in 2023 to 8.5 million in 2024”",
      "publication_date": "2024-10-15",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2024-occasional",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2024: occasional independents: 36.5 million (2024).",
      "value": 36.5,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2024",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "State of Independence 2024 report",
      "source_url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/2024-report",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “fell marginally to 36.5 million”",
      "publication_date": "2024-10-15",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
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      "canonical_url": "https://workspace369.com/research/freelancer-independent-contractor-statistics/#mbo-2024-occasional",
      "source_flag": null,
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2023-total",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2023: all independent workers: 72.1 million (2023).",
      "value": 72.1,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2023",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "State of Independence in America Report 2023",
      "source_url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/2023-report",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “some 72.1 million Americans, about 45% of the workforce”",
      "publication_date": "2023-10-31",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
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      "canonical_url": "https://workspace369.com/research/freelancer-independent-contractor-statistics/#mbo-2023-total",
      "source_flag": null,
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2022-total",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2022: all independent workers: 64.6 million (2022).",
      "value": 64.6,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2022",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "Going, Going, Gone: New Study Reveals Workers Flip The Script on Traditional Work",
      "source_url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/blog/press/going-going-gone-new-study-reveals-workers-flip-the-script-on-traditional-work",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “64.6 million Americans now pursue independent work”",
      "publication_date": "2022-11-30",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
      "formula": null,
      "input_stat_ids": [],
      "input_source_urls": [],
      "standard_error_percentage_points": null,
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      "age_years": null,
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      "canonical_url": "https://workspace369.com/research/freelancer-independent-contractor-statistics/#mbo-2022-total",
      "source_flag": null,
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2022-fullTime",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2022: full-time independents: 21.6 million (2022).",
      "value": 21.6,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2022",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "Going, Going, Gone: New Study Reveals Workers Flip The Script on Traditional Work",
      "source_url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/blog/press/going-going-gone-new-study-reveals-workers-flip-the-script-on-traditional-work",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “soared 27% to 21.6 million”",
      "publication_date": "2022-11-30",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
      "formula": null,
      "input_stat_ids": [],
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      "canonical_url": "https://workspace369.com/research/freelancer-independent-contractor-statistics/#mbo-2022-fullTime",
      "source_flag": null,
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "mbo-2022-occasional",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2022: occasional independents: 31.9 million (2022).",
      "value": 31.9,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "U.S. adults 18+ who earn money working independently at least monthly (occasional, part-time or full-time), as defined by MBO Partners",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2022",
      "publisher": "MBO Partners",
      "source_title": "Going, Going, Gone: New Study Reveals Workers Flip The Script on Traditional Work",
      "source_url": "https://www.mbopartners.com/blog/press/going-going-gone-new-study-reveals-workers-flip-the-script-on-traditional-work",
      "source_locator": "Report text: “rose from 15.8 in 2020 to 31.9 million in 2022”",
      "publication_date": "2022-11-30",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the survey sponsor from an online survey; not a Workspace369 survey and not a probability sample of all workers.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with MBO Partners; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
      "formula": null,
      "input_stat_ids": [],
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "bls-2005-rate",
      "claim": "BLS February 2005: independent contractors as a share of total employment: 7.4% (2005-02).",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "population": "Employed people aged 16+; independent contractors on the sole or main job",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2005-02",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "source_title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements — May 2017 (USDL-18-0942)",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/conemp_06072018.htm",
      "source_locator": "Release text: “the 7.4 percent of workers in February 2005 who were independent contractors”",
      "publication_date": "2018-06-07",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the original producer; not a Workspace369 survey.",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal government data; attribution requested. No agency endorsement.",
      "status": "verified",
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      "formula": null,
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "bls-2017-count",
      "claim": "BLS May 2017: independent contractors on the sole or main job: 10.6 million (2017-05).",
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      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "Employed people aged 16+; independent contractors on the sole or main job",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2017-05",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "source_title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements — May 2017 (USDL-18-0942)",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/conemp_06072018.htm",
      "source_locator": "Release text: “10.6 million independent contractors (6.9 percent of total employment)”",
      "publication_date": "2018-06-07",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the original producer; not a Workspace369 survey.",
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    {
      "stat_id": "bls-2017-rate",
      "claim": "BLS May 2017: independent contractors as a share of total employment: 6.9% (2017-05).",
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      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2017-05",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "source_title": "Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements — May 2017 (USDL-18-0942)",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/conemp_06072018.htm",
      "source_locator": "Release text: “6.9 percent of total employment”",
      "publication_date": "2018-06-07",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Reported by the original producer; not a Workspace369 survey.",
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "gap-2023-upwork-bls",
      "claim": "Upwork 2023 freelancer count minus BLS July 2023 main-job contractor count: 52.1 million (2023).",
      "value": 52.1,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "Difference between two differently defined measures; not a count of any group of workers",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2023",
      "publisher": "Workspace369 (calculation from cited primary inputs)",
      "source_title": "Freelancer and Independent Contractor Statistics: Workspace369 model",
      "source_url": "https://workspace369.com/research/freelancer-independent-contractor-statistics/",
      "source_locator": "Workspace369 calculation; see formula and input IDs in the download",
      "publication_date": "2026-09-13",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": false,
      "method_notes": "upwork-2023-count (millions) − summary-total-16-years-and-over-count (thousands ÷ 1,000)",
      "license_notes": "Attribute Workspace369 calculations; original input source rights remain with their producers.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "calculated",
      "formula": "upwork-2023-count (millions) − summary-total-16-years-and-over-count (thousands ÷ 1,000)",
      "input_stat_ids": [
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        "summary-total-16-years-and-over-count"
      ],
      "input_source_urls": [
        "https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/upwork-study-finds-64-million-americans-freelanced-in-2023-adding-1-27-trillion-to-u-s-economy",
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "gap-2023-mbo-bls",
      "claim": "MBO Partners 2023 independent-worker count minus BLS July 2023 main-job contractor count: 60.2 million (2023).",
      "value": 60.2,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "Difference between two differently defined measures; not a count of any group of workers",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2023",
      "publisher": "Workspace369 (calculation from cited primary inputs)",
      "source_title": "Freelancer and Independent Contractor Statistics: Workspace369 model",
      "source_url": "https://workspace369.com/research/freelancer-independent-contractor-statistics/",
      "source_locator": "Workspace369 calculation; see formula and input IDs in the download",
      "publication_date": "2026-09-13",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": false,
      "method_notes": "mbo-2023-total (millions) − summary-total-16-years-and-over-count (thousands ÷ 1,000)",
      "license_notes": "Attribute Workspace369 calculations; original input source rights remain with their producers.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "calculated",
      "formula": "mbo-2023-total (millions) − summary-total-16-years-and-over-count (thousands ÷ 1,000)",
      "input_stat_ids": [
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        "summary-total-16-years-and-over-count"
      ],
      "input_source_urls": [
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "fu-2015-count",
      "claim": "Freelancers Union 2015 post: Americans doing freelance work (reported as nearly 54 million): 54 million (2015).",
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      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "Freelancers Union summary of the Freelancing in America survey; the original post is no longer online",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2015",
      "publisher": "Freelancers Union",
      "source_title": "Freelancing in America 2015 Report (Internet Archive copy)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180111044356/http://blog.freelancersunion.org/2015/10/01/freelancing-america-2015/",
      "source_locator": "Post text: “Nearly 54 million Americans are now doing freelance work”",
      "publication_date": "2015-10-01",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Rounded summary of the 2015 survey; the Upwork release gives 53.7 million.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Freelancers Union; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
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    },
    {
      "stat_id": "fu-2016-count",
      "claim": "Freelancers Union 2016 post: Americans freelancing (reported as nearly 55 million): 55 million (2016).",
      "value": 55,
      "unit": "million people",
      "population": "Freelancers Union summary of the Freelancing in America survey; the original post is no longer online",
      "geography": "United States",
      "observation_period": "2016",
      "publisher": "Freelancers Union",
      "source_title": "Freelancing in America 2016 (Internet Archive copy)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171121081535/http://blog.freelancersunion.org/2016/10/06/freelancing-in-america-2016/",
      "source_locator": "Post text: “nearly 55 million Americans are freelancing – that’s 35% of the workforce”",
      "publication_date": "2016-10-06",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-17",
      "primary_source": true,
      "method_notes": "Rounded summary of the 2016 survey.",
      "license_notes": "Selected factual observations with attribution. The source report and underlying responses remain with Freelancers Union; this compilation does not relicense them.",
      "status": "verified",
      "kind": "reported",
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